Teaching Listening and Speaking free essay sample

Share with us know your thoughts and your experiences in Teaching Listening and Speaking in your school. Candidly share your opinions on the following topics. 1. What are your best accomplishments in teaching these two skills to your students? 2. What are some of the challenges/problems you encountered in teaching this two skills? 3. What are your hopes and expectations of this course? Thank you Dr Lee Dear Doc, Thank you for posting these questions; frankly speaking I’ve already felt the burden and daunting task because of this new routine of becoming a student and a teacher at the same time. Anyway I’ll try my best to fulfil the task. Sorry if my answers are too long, I just can’t control the desire to write. 1. The pupils in SK Pulau Gaya especially in my class love imitating other and singing songs. They learn new language by imitating people who can impress and make them enjoy themselves whether in class or outside the class. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Listening and Speaking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Learning through experiences and observing the pupils, I try to adapt a new approach rather than using the same old monotonous and boring method. Luckily I could play some musical instrument especially the guitar, so from that point, there’s no turning back. From a boring class. I managed to turn my class into becoming more lively and interactive. By singing songs, pupils are already engaging actively in listening and speaking process. Whereas, I sing the song first as they try to listen to the lyrics and afterwards they will try to sing it together. This process may sound cliche’ or maybe just ordinary but for me it worked like a charm. In addition, memorising words, phrases or sentences seemed to have some small impact for the pupil. If they like the song that they’ve heard then they will try their best to memorise the lyrics although it will take some time. From speaking the common Bajau, Suluk/Tausug or Sabahan Malay language, some of my pupils have shown their effort to speak in English and able to understand simple instruction and so forth. Although this cannot be considered as a best accomplishment but for me this is something meaningful and can be the catalyst for achieving better accomplishment in the future. 2. Coming from a school that is lacking of electricity, conducive teaching and learning surrounding, variety of resources and etc. Teaching Listening and speaking can be quite tough and intimidating.Not that I’m complaining, but it is a harsh reality that I’ve to live with. As a teacher, we’re being advice to be flexible and creative. Pupils of my school are largely speakers of native language such as Bajau and Suluk/Tausug language. 70 percent of them converse daily in their mother tongue, only a small portion of them are speaking Sabahan Malay. So logically saying, the pupils have to learn two more languages in addition to their own language. With limited resources, it’s quite challenging for the teacher to teach languages for the pupils here.If we are using useless, non-creative and non-practical approach in teaching Listening and Speaking to them than the same cycle will keep repeating, the pupils will never open their heart to learn new languages because they are not convinced enough that the languages such as English is fun and important to them. Still, some of them show eagerness to learn English but it all depends on the teachers to be proactive and emphasized more on Listening and Speaking that seemingly being neglected seriously which includes me. 3.

Rosa Parks essays

Rosa Parks essays On December 1, 1955, seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat, she was found guilty of the crime of disorderly conduct with a fine of fourteen dollars. She was arrested for violating a city law that required all blacks to sit in separate rows on the buses. She refused to give up her seat in the middle of the row when a white person wished to sit in her row. Blacks had to sit in the back and the front rows were for whites only. Rosa Parks was physically tired, but no more than you or I after a long day's work. In fact, under other circumstances, she would have probably given up her seat willingly to a child or elderly person. But this time Parks was tired of the treatment she and other African Americans received every day of their lives, with the racism, segregation, and laws of the time. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, was arrested December 1, 1955. (Note: It was an "established rule" in the American sou th (at that time) that African-American bus riders had to sit at the back of the bus. African-American riders were also expected to surrender their seat to a white bus rider if it was needed.) Mrs. Parks was not the first African-American to be arrested for this crime but she was the first to be arrested who was well known in the Montgomery African-American community. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery. He and other African-American community leaders felt a protest of some kind was needed. A meeting was called and an overflowing crowd came to the church to hear his words. Dr. King told the crowd that the only way they could fight back would be to boycott the bus company. Then Dr. King and the other African-American community leaders held another meeting to organize future action. They named their organization the Montgomery Improvement Association and elected Dr. King as its president. ...

Performance Enhancing Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance Enhancing Drugs - Essay Example Performance enhancing drug tests are stricter for male than for female athletes. There is a list of substances banned in males only. Differences between the reporting level for men and women are also acknowledged. The confusion over the nandrolone issue is exacerbated by claims that low concentrations of metabolites conferred no performance -enhancing effect and are due to the contamination of supplements. This conclusion from a single untimed urine sample could not be substantiated; the possibility that the result arose from the long-term use by injection of nandrolone may seem unlikely in the present climate of testing but evidence to the contrary had to be unequivocal (Dean, 2000). The number of positive test results has increased dramatically in recent years, but still, researcher admit that differences in male and female constitution prevent laboratories to identify illicit substances. OTC drugs, such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, are relatively less potent and non-selective than other stimulants, hence their availability without prescription. Following Bowers (1997) this lack of selectivity, with a concomitant likelihood of side-effects, especially if used in supratherapeutic doses, makes them less desirable as potential performance -enhancing drugs, since no improvement in performance has been found in the few research studies on these drugs. Another argument is that women may have illnesses that require them to take particular drugs. It indicates an increasing trend in its use as a performance -enhancing drug, since its pharmacological properties are likely to have adverse, rather than positive, effects on performance in most sports. Statistical results prove that women swimmers perform much better than men because of inadequate drug tests and differences between male and female constitution.

IT Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Organization - Essay Example Additionally, it has also been viewed that countries like China, the United Kingdom and Australia are becoming a center of attraction for large IT industries to set up their business in these locations and explore the associated opportunities. Telecommunicating is a form of IT organization where employees working within the association do not commute to a central place of work. A person who communicates is generally known as the telecommuter or teleworker. A research conducted by Reuters poll demonstrations that about one in five employees round the globe, particularly working in the â€Å"Middle East, Latin America and Asia telecommunicate regularly† and nearly 10% work from home (Reaney, 2012). Discussion Telecommunicating industry is considered to be one of the most frequently growing industries in the IT sectors. It is an organization where task are performed outside of the normal organizational space and time with the help of computer and other communication technologies. Correspondingly, the growing number of industries around the world, it has been viewed that large multinational organization assign their task to some other organization in order to maintain a coordinated relation amid all its stakeholders and customers. Considering the aspect of telecommunication industry in Australia, recently it has been viewed that Australian telecom are concerned about the cost implications and selective impact of rigorous new national security proposal (Commsday, 2012). The aspect of telecommuting in the UK is considered to be one of the pioneers around the globe. Started in the year 1986 the country has 92,000 employees out of which 15,000 are considered to be home workers. It is worth mentioning that the vital reason behind providing the facility to work from home is that it saves an average of US $5,000 a year as employees are not required to spend on travelling and are considered to take few sick leaves as they are close with their family members (BBC, 20 11). Considering the aspect of telecommuting in China, it can be stated that the country has been the place of attraction for many large industries due to its rapidly increasing literacy rate and continuous availability of skilled human resource (KPMG, 2010). Considering the above stated facts of the three selected country the new IT organization would provide the facility of working both from home and office to individuals. The organizational chart of the new organization is being illustrated below: Figure: IT Organizational Chart (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013) With reference to the above illustrated organization chart, it can be viewed that since the organization would be based on providing IT services to three major countries in the world. It is therefore vital that the organization is built on a cross functional basis as it provides much more convenient working system within an organization. Additionally, it can be ascertained that it provides a rigid and coordinated fo rm of working system which is specially needed in all IT industry. Considering the aspects of providing services and establishment in three of the largest country, the required budget has been estimated to be US $30 million. This would include steps like developing IT governance

Ethical issues related to blogging and the internet Research Paper

Ethical issues related to blogging and the internet - Research Paper Example Internet is an ever-increasing community of approximately 10 million blogs that range from teenage rants to aggressive corporate promotion and from political discussions to election campaigns. This paper brief outlines ethical issues of blogosphere and analyse the accuracy issues of blogging world. Perlmutter and Schoen (2007 as cited in Debatin) list potential ethical issues of blogging as: 1) Editorial oversight and lack of accuracy/fact checking 2) Absence of systematic coverage of topics 3) Creation of tunnel vision 4) Circular and self-referential spin-doctoring 5) Dissemination of lies, rumours, and hoaxes 6) Practice of trolling, character assassination, and libel 7) Invasion of privacy 8) Stalking and harassment 9) Plagiarism and copyright violation 10) Lack of integrity and accountability facilitated by anonymity, false identity, and pseudonymity 11) Lack of independence and unrevealed conflicts of interests; and 12) Manipulative and deceptive blogging funded by corporations , governments, and individuals.(46) Increasing authority and influence of blogs has empowered bloggers like never before, whether it’s power to make public opinion, drive a revolution, sell a product, or establish an image. However, power always comes with responsibility. Open accessibility, anonymity, zero accountability, and greater influence of blogs and bloggers have raised ethical concerns among blogosphere which need our attention.Here, a question arises that whether bloggers are journalists, and if so, do they abide by the journalistic ethics? However, Jay Rosen of New York University believes that categorization of bloggers as journalists is not as important as defining their ethics. It is quite shocking for most journalists that people may trust the commentary of an average blogger more than a professional investigative journalist (Burkholder). According to the annual Public Trust barometer, organized by the Edelman global public relation firm, people trust other peo ple who are â€Å"just like them† above all others irrespective of their credentials. One slot ahead of CEOs, Journalists are ranked sixth on the list (cited in Burkholder). The reason behind such faith is the belief that bloggers have no hidden agenda or promotional concerns. Moreover, if we disagree with some blogger, we have every right to comment, says Clare Hart of Factiva in an interview with Sean Hargrave(cited in Burkholder).Therefore, bloggers are becoming increasingly powerful in this modern age. In most cases, bloggers don’t have original news and fact gathering sources as they rely on professional news channels. They pick the news and present their analysis and commentary on a certain issue. Publishing unsubstantiated information may not be an issue if blogging remains a form of personal diary; however, concerns arise when it takes the form of journalism (Burkholder).Former CNN-TV reporter Rebecca MacKinnon believes that this struggle between bloggers and j ournalists is not a â€Å"zero-sum-game† because they can co-exist. Blogger analyse and comment on the facts and events that journalists report (Burkholder). Bloggers define their services as citizen journalism which is better suited to today’s information needs. By moving away from main stream media, they claim to weaken the control of major capitalism driven media. Citizen journalists took pride in becoming ‘watch-dog’ of the mainstream watch-dog media. Major objective of their efforts are to provide readers with reliable and

Organizational Structure The Formation Of An Organization

Organizational Structure The Formation Of An Organization Organizational structure is very much initial and essential step in the formation of an organization. When individuals are well aware about structure like departments, authorities and responsibilities division they work very efficiently and in good manner. Many schools of thought define organizational structure. The researcher found (dictionary.com 2010) unique definition of organizational structure that it is a form of an organization that is apparent in the way functions, departments, divisions and people link together and interact. Organization structure may be represented by an organization chart, it reveals vertical operational responsibilities, and horizontal linkages. Organizational structure may be much complex due to its size and its geographic dispersal The Researcher realized that organization structure consists on departments, functions and divisions which based on individuals workers at their selected positions. They are all linked together and they are all responsibility at their own working capacity and works in their span of working as a creative part of organization. And intricacy in organizational structure depends upon its capacity, its business worth, its geographical location, its choice of business and many other conditions which effect internally or externally on the organization. As the same statement (George Jones, 2005) also defines organizational structure as it is the relationship between the management team and the workforce for performing formal task and reporting. Structure of organization designed by the management team and the basic inspiration is the motivation of employees to work hard with best coordination for doing desired work George and Jones explained the organizational structure as relationship of management team and the individual work force which plays their role at their best. Management also motivates the senior and junior support staff on their efforts and the main task is coordination for best results in favor of organization. Coordination depends on best communication style exercised within the organization and (Hall 1987) also defines organizational structure as communication flows, interaction of individuals and best use of power relationship for all the activities of organization. In the light of above views the organizational structure is complex design of individuals at different positions, different departments and divisions, with appropriate coordination and communication between employees for best and working in stipulated time period in reasonable cost. At present age the need of organizational structure very much essential, but think about early ages of human life or during the evolutio n of society and economy the need of organization and organizational structure exists, and scholars of this evolutionary group initialized the idea of organizational structure in what sense. The researcher found some references about the history of organizational structure and presented here under History Organizational structure has background from ancient times. Collectors and hunters used to manage tribal organizations. At the next step of revolution of economic history it was observed that through clerical strength industrialists developed structures of organizations at that time. Organizational structures have different types as the revolution of economies and described as: Pre-Bureaucratic Structures With the development of economies the concept of entrepreneurial business raised, at this time organizational structures are called pre-bureaucratic structures. Most of the operations directed and controlled by unitary structure and the strategic leader makes all key decisions. But these structures have very low standardization of tasks. The researcher realized that most decisions taken by single person either at very minor level. This may be fits for entrepreneur or sole proprietor ship where business scale may be high but working span based on single decision maker. Supervision of Organizational structure totally summarized by Entrepreneur and all the employees followed the instructions for doing their job with neglecting the results which may be in favor or oppose of business. Due to this reason the level of standardization exists in minor sense in pre-bureaucratic structure. Set pattern, style of working enhance working efficiency and these were initial frame work of standardization. Bureaucratic Structures (Burns and Stalker 1961) indicates organization structures which have certain degree of standardization. Degree of standardization creates the sense of quality maintenance for products and services. (Chandler 1962, 1977) and williamson (1975, 1985) also comment on the shifting of organizational structure from unitary to multi-divisionary structures for market positioning and resource allocation among divisions, because many organizations enhances business at multinational basis and style of structure suite to them. The researcher further observed about standardization in organizational structure and found the term degree of standardization and its benefit also. Degree may help to improve and maintain the quality of product or service. The researcher realized that shifting to flat structure for marketing positioning already applied in organizations. The researcher tried to find the effect of shifting on multi-divisionary structures for enhancement in degree of standardization, due to reducing in implementation time or cost.. Post-Bureaucratic Structures (Donnellon, Hecscher, 1994) initiates the post bureaucratic organization theory which may include total quality management, culture management and matrix management. The ideas of post bureaucratic structures specifically contrast with the weberà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s ideal type bureaucracy. (Grey C, Garsten C) also describes the post bureaucratic organization as such type of organization where decisions are based on dialogue and consensus rather than authority and command. It is used to encourage participation and help to empower people who normally experience oppression in groups. Some researchers studied that how simple structures could be used to generate improvisational outcomes in product development (Miner et al, 2000). The researcher found the good examples of companies which shifts from unitary structures to typical bureaucracy like shell Group and when the management converted the structure to matrix the company failed in market. Starbuck empowers employees to make their own decisions and train them to develop both hard and soft skills. Some experts initiates the matrix structure as multinational design (Robbin, judge2007) which maintains coordination among products, functions and geographic, and the same design adopted by many global companies like Toyota, Procter and gamble and Uniliver. Over the last decade the competition, global trends, customer demands and many other factor set the mind of business person that many companies has become flatter in which less hierarchical divisions involved which is necessary for survival of the organization. After that another approach introduced and today organization structures designed as per business strategy and the new styles developed in the formation of organizational structures. These are functional structures, divisional structures, Team, Network and Boundary less Structures. Functional Structure (Miles, Snow 1992) describes this structure. This style of organizational structure describes the specific activity of business. The organization engaged the employee for specialized set of tasks. In some businesses, when standardized goods and services made at large volume and low cost the functional structure will best fit the operations. In functional structures coordination and specialization of task are centralized which produce a limited amount of products or services efficient and predictable. The advantage of this structure is most useful for those industries which involved in manufacturing of heavy machinery, Electrical equipment and tools which have standardized technical specs. Likewise at the other side functional structures are helpful for organizations provide specific services to their customers. Most of the service provider companies adopt the same structure for their particular scope of work, specified customers, isolated style of workings and pre-determined targets within stipulated time period. Divisional Structure (Theraja 2008) consider the style in his book. Divisional structure also known as product structure. Each organizational function is grouped into division. Like an industry makes products of same nature like textile industry which invloves spinning, dying , knittting, Weaving units they consider as individual division as per their activities for each unit. Each division within a divisional structure contains all the necessary resources and functions within it. Divisions can be categorized from different points of view. There can be made a distinction on product/service basis (different products for different customers: households or companies) or on geograpical basis (like UAE and Asian Division). Matrix Structure In matrix structure induviduals grouped by both function and product. Structure can combine the best operations of structures which followed separately at their areas. Excellent practice followed in a matrix organization, and the management frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. Matrix structure is amongst the purest of organizational structures, a simple lattice emulating order and regularity demonstrated in nature. As project matrix divided into three categories stated in below: Weak / Functional Matrix: in this type of structure functional manager manage the resources and asssigned project area. Organization limitize the project manager and he is only responsible to oversee the cross- functional aspects of the porject. Balanced / Functional Matrix: Such type of structures the best aspects of functional and projectized organizations merged. It is the responsibility of project manager to oversee the project. project manager and the functional managers equally powered from the higher management. In some situations it is consider the most difficult system to maintain as the sharing power is delicate proposition. Strong/Project Matrix: Project manager is primarily responsible for the project. Functional managers provide technical expertise and assign resources as needed. Team: (Theraja 2007) Newest concept of organizational structures os team. If the organization have hierarchical or flat sturctures the management works as team. An organization gathered a set of people who synergize individual competencies to achieve unique dimensions, the quality of organizational structure revolves aropund the comptencies of teams in totality. In banking concept of floor financing emerged and management creates a team which have common interest to sell more cars through leasing. Team works for maximum car selling through leasing facility to resonsible and rapport individuals . Network: (Walker 2007) Managers in network structures spend most of their time coordinating and controlling external relations, usually by electronic means. Many businesses involves in this structures and concerned staff engaging in network to sell more strategy for a porduct and service. Boundary less Structure: (Andreson 2007) discuss this type of organizational structure that it is such type of organizational structures have no boundary of their business links. They have virtual business entity which engaged in 24 hrs business on internet. This means while the core of the organization can be small but still the company can operate globally be a market leader in its niche.Many businessman follow this type of strategy and have good range of products displays through internet and makes more profit to sell these products at different levels and different quantity but same quality and price. Magnificient companies develop, modify and change their organizational structures so that they align with their strategies. For the last decades most of the organization shifting back to flatter structures. Being at risk of losing profits or even going bankrupt due to the major financial downturn today, a lot of companies are moving to flatter structures. Losing profit at the basis of cost enhancement and other factors which caused loss in diversed shapes but as per ethics each and every organizational structure has common determinants which observed by organization in formation of organizational structure or shifting from existing structure to another one. These determinants are dicussed as below Detereminants of oganizational structure In every organization, management care about all the determinants when creates organizational structure. Main determinants of organizational structure are 1. The Environment Reseracher found many school of thoughts about determinants of organizational structure like (Burns and Stalker 1961) says that environmental conditions plays prominent role for appropriateness of organizational structure. Further stated by (Lawrence and Lorsh 1967) that performance of such companies much better if their internal capabilities and characteristics matches with environmental requirements. Reseracher realized environment arround the organization or business affected in both sense negative or positive. Some internal environments also conserve the resources and help to use in right manner or some time caused deffciency or decline. 2. The Size of the organization (Stephen P. Borgatti, 1996) stated that organization size consists on number of personnel., output, capcacity and resources. Also explained that when the size increased the structures and actitivities also increased but concentration of power decreased. When organziation tends to enhancement its volume as working capacity, extension in services or products they have already made, personnel in shape of making new divisions or resources which are in shape of fund flows the structure direclty proportionate with it and increased with the size of organization but concentration of power may be decreased. Planned organization have best solution for concentration of power, they authorized appointed person at their span of working. The authorized person is competent and skilled to take immediate decision as best choice for organization growth. 3. Technology In current scenario the communication technology is very essential for organzational strucutre. Researcher found the view of different authors like (Parsons 1951) says that coordination and communication processes importance increased at each level, either managerial, technical or institutional. It considers very complex issue in organization and in all dynamics of organization environment (Emery and Trist,1960). In some other school of thought technology is one of the internal important factor of organization. In any organization managerial porcesses and technology has relationship and technology determines the way of organizational management.Technology determines the principles, theories and structures of organization (Zareei Matin, 2003, p-155). Resarcher agreed with this statement and observed that communication technology in organization plays prominent role for managerial activities. Further realized that communication technology raised at each level in organizational structur e with growth of organization. The Organization Strategy: (Fe`rery 2006) said that strategy consists on three dimension which were called dynamics of strategy, these are value, parimeter and imitation. Researcher realized that all of three factors exercised by organizational structure and also realized that best fit between organizational strategy, structure and management process make it a successful organization (Raymond Miles and Charles Snow 1992). The researcher found that strategies and structure has complex relationship in organization and growth of organization possible in the sense that strategy chosen for business as per requirement of organizational structure or sometime there may be remarkable change required in organizational structure as per market demand. During research another point explored by researcher and gathered the infromation about organizational structure affects on culture of organization and discussed below. Effect of organizational structure on organization culture Reseracher tried to found the effect of strucutre on culture and achieved suggestion that in change process of organization culture is an integral part (R.Dension and K. Mishra 1995) Sub headings Community organizing practice The Organizerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s role Practice Keys Quality standards In an organizational structure monitoring of absolute application of quality standards is very important task and most of the firms exercised it carefully. The researcher observed some standards relevant to the population of study like implementation time, implementation cost, motivation, monitoring, communication and systematic approach. The researcher gathered infromation about these quality standards from different sources relevant to the study and discussed in following Frame work on literature review Introduction History/Types Determinants effect on Culture Organizational Structure and Standardization Quality standards Application in current structure ISO 9001, 14001 Implementation of ISO in current structure

Gender Roles in Latin American Societies Essay example -- Female Male

Gender Roles in Latin American Societies The idea that a woman’s job is to be a wife and mother is old-fashioned, but not completely out of style. Though these roles require a great deal of talent, resilience, patience, love, and strength, to name a few, they are often underestimated or depicted as simple. Especially in modern times, many women in the United States who stay home to raise a family are viewed as anti-feminists, whereas women in Latin America are not criticized for similar actions. In recent decades, more Latin American women have started to break the mold, daring to be both sexy, and successful in the workforce, while remaining pillars of domestic life. Latin American society places a great deal of importance on the family as a support network; it is not uncommon for several generations to reside in the same house. This emphasis is called familismo, and the mother in the family is usually the most important figure. She â€Å"is seen as the primary nurturer and caregiver in the family†¦[and] plays a critical role in preservation of the family as a unit, as well as in...

Wollstonecraft Fight on Women’s Right of Equality

To every generation marriage brings new meaning and different expectations. Some never want to get married, some think of it as a trap, some believe that is the only way to survive, some find it sacred, some just do it because of children and some have been brought up to think marriage is a part of the cycle of life. Since the 1700†³s, men have dominated relationships and women have been the â€Å"victims†. Mary Wollstonecraft was aware of this domination in the 1700†³s and worked to educate women to become individuals. She believes that through education women are able to progress in relationships and not become a â€Å"slaves† to men. Times have changed and women have made more of a place for themselves in society. Throughout The Vindications, The Rights of Woman, Wollstonecraft argues how important it is for women to be educated in order for them to progress through life and especially in marriage. This is clearly seen when she states, â€Å"if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all†(102). Wollstonecraft argues that a woman cannot even be a good mother without education. â€Å"Can they be expected to govern a family with judgment, or take care of the poor babes whom they bring into the world?†(113). Women today have the luxury of pursuing a higher education and with that doors of opportunity are opened. On account of these chances women now have more validity in this country. Women being portrayed as a sex symbols has been emphasized for generations. Their main focus has been to be beautiful and desired by all men. Even today we still open up almost every magazine to beautiful, skinny, sexy women. This is what the ideal woman should look like. This is what is desired by men. Wollstonecraft argues that through † the desire of establishing themselves,- the only way women can rise in the world,- by marriage†(112). The myth of a sexy, desirable woman still exists. Other than the pursuit of marriage, women now have other avenues to follow for a successful and fruitful life. Throughout The Vindications The Rights of Woman, Wollstonecraft looked down on marriage because of the inequalities between men and women. She believed that â€Å"woman and man were made for each other; but their mutual dependence is not the same. The men depend on the women only on account of their desires; the women on the men both on account of their desires and their necessities†(200). Mary discusses how through the progress of knowledge women are able to become more equal to men. Through education and virtue women would not â€Å"marry merely to better themselves†(194). Most women today don†t feel that their â€Å"prize† in life is a husband. Marriage is more about partners and being equal. Equality stems from knowledge and the power of education. With every generation brings unexpected changes, new desires, new values and yet many traditions stay the same. Hopefully each generation of women will acquire and keep sacred the knowledge they receive from the women before them. Wollstonecraft Fight on Women’s Right of Equality To every generation marriage brings new meaning and different expectations. Some never want to get married, some think of it as a trap, some believe that is the only way to survive, some find it sacred, some just do it because of children and some have been brought up to think marriage is a part of the cycle of life. Since the 1700†³s, men have dominated relationships and women have been the â€Å"victims†. Mary Wollstonecraft was aware of this domination in the 1700†³s and worked to educate women to become individuals. She believes that through education women are able to progress in relationships and not become a â€Å"slaves† to men. Times have changed and women have made more of a place for themselves in society. Throughout The Vindications, The Rights of Woman, Wollstonecraft argues how important it is for women to be educated in order for them to progress through life and especially in marriage. This is clearly seen when she states, â€Å"if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all†(102). Wollstonecraft argues that a woman cannot even be a good mother without education. â€Å"Can they be expected to govern a family with judgment, or take care of the poor babes whom they bring into the world?†(113). Women today have the luxury of pursuing a higher education and with that doors of opportunity are opened. On account of these chances women now have more validity in this country. Women being portrayed as a sex symbols has been emphasized for generations. Their main focus has been to be beautiful and desired by all men. Even today we still open up almost every magazine to beautiful, skinny, sexy women. This is what the ideal woman should look like. This is what is desired by men. Wollstonecraft argues that through † the desire of establishing themselves,- the only way women can rise in the world,- by marriage†(112). The myth of a sexy, desirable woman still exists. Other than the pursuit of marriage, women now have other avenues to follow for a successful and fruitful life. Throughout The Vindications The Rights of Woman, Wollstonecraft looked down on marriage because of the inequalities between men and women. She believed that â€Å"woman and man were made for each other; but their mutual dependence is not the same. The men depend on the women only on account of their desires; the women on the men both on account of their desires and their necessities†(200). Mary discusses how through the progress of knowledge women are able to become more equal to men. Through education and virtue women would not â€Å"marry merely to better themselves†(194). Most women today don†t feel that their â€Å"prize† in life is a husband. Marriage is more about partners and being equal. Equality stems from knowledge and the power of education. With every generation brings unexpected changes, new desires, new values and yet many traditions stay the same. Hopefully each generation of women will acquire and keep sacred the knowledge they receive from the women before them.

Communication Press Release Essay Example

Communication Press Release Essay Example Communication Press Release Essay Communication Press Release Essay For Immediate Release: Sudden Departure of XYZ, LLC Chief Financial Officer XYZ, LLC is restructuring to compete in a difficult economy San Diego, October 5, 2011 – XYZ, LLC announced Alex Martin, the company’s Chief Financial Officer (CFO), has resigned effective October 5, 2011. Alex Martin has replied no comment about the sudden departure, but XYZ, LLC reported he is pursuing other career opportunities. Industry experts speculate the resignation is due to the company’s impending financial crisis. The organization is appointing interim CFO June West as the new CFO. Alex Martin joined XYZ, LLC in 2006 as Chief Financial Officer. He has helped the company reinvent its operating model and accounting procedures. XYZ, LLC is a dynamic company with a bright future said Interim CFO June West. â€Å"The company will be restructuring, and I will be facilitating the transition process in the months to come. † West states the restructure will help solidify this company’s position in the realm of accounting firms, by reallocating company assets and implementing new accounting standards. She adds that, â€Å"Our goal is to form partnerships where both parties benefit we want to build life-long relationships with our clients. â€Å"XYZ, LLC was founded on integrity and honesty and that is the basis of every project we undertake. † XYZ, LLC will be holding an Annual General Meeting to address concerns of shareholders, and discuss further business matters due to the restructure and the sudden CFO resignation. The organization restructure is expected to give XYZ, LLC a new competitive edge in an indust ry faced with a difficult economy. Notice of Annual General Meeting: Today XYZ, LLC declared they will post resignation information to shareholders along with a Notice of an Annual General Meeting (AGM). The AGM will be held on October 12, 2011 at 1 pm in the Balboa Events Center for Business, San Diego, California. The Annual Meeting Notice lists the following objectives as: 1. Implementation of the Companys Annual Report for the 2011 fiscal year; 2. To dismiss Alex Martin from XYZ, LLC effective immediately; 3. To appoint June West as new Chief Financial Officer effective immediately; 4. To outline impending organizational structure changes. For more information visit, www. xyzllc. com, email [emailprotected] com or call 1-888-888-8888. About XYZ, LLC XYZ, LLC is at the forefront of the accounting industry. Its committee has a combined total of more than 75 years of business, accounting and financial experience. MEMORANDUM TO: Tom Stiles FROM: Accounting Department, Charlene Brown CPA DATE: 10/5/2011 SUBJECT: CFO Resignation As you are aware, Alex Martin has suddenly resigned from the company. We have obtained information from The U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that they will be investigating our companys accounting practices. Due to the impending investigation, the SEC has requested certain documentation to be provided for them. A subsequent memo will be attached outlining each request of the SEC for you to look over. Due to the fact that XYZ, LLC is a publicly traded company with an investigation approaching, coupled with the unexpected departure of the CFO, our company is legally required to issue a public notice. I have attached a copy of the Press Release to be posted, please review this at your earliest convenience. The company must take into consideration our external stakeholders and their feedback regarding these matters. Furthermore, there must be an ethical exchange of information between the SEC and our organization. It is imperative that we supply shareholders with all required information in a calm demeanor, since possible rumors could undermine company values. There needs to be a balance, shareholders want to know their investments are safe, but business practices must be performed in an ethical manner according to SEC guidelines. Great care should be taken in notifying the public in this situation, the value of communication should not be underestimated. The public may be influenced by negative information from unreliable sources, such as tabloids and media. It is our hope that this press release will ease any concerns the public may have regarding the financial viability of the organization. The CFO in any business plays a major role in the financial future of the company. A sudden departure in this leadership position could pose financial risks for any business, so rumors may surface rapidly. It is expected that the press release will achieve the goals of the organization and diminish any public negativity. The press release was created to improve and build on our rapport with our employees, customers, investors, shareholders, and the general public. This release will help facilitate a perception about the risk and profitability of our business that will transform the public opinion. Upon completion of the investigation by the SEC, a follow-up release may be required. This memo is provided to keep you informed of the many changes to come at our organization. Please review the information in its entirety and if you have any concerns or questions feel free to contact me at [emailprotected] org. References Sietel, P. Fraser (2011), The Practice of Public Relations, ISBN: 9780136088905 copyright  © 2011  Pearson Education, Inc.

The ability of the brain to re

The ability of the brain to re Introduction The ability of the brain to change following an individual’s experience is referred to as neuroplasticity (Alamacos, Segura, Borrel, 1998). This characteristic of the brain was discovered more recently and discredits the earlier belief that the brain could never change after a person has gone through the critical period of infancy. The brain is chiefly made up of nerve cells and glial cells which are usually linked.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The ability of the brain to re-task a different area following brain damage to one area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning can be achieved through the alteration of the strength of these connections. In the last century, the common belief was that the lower brain and the neocortical areas could not be altered in structure after structure after childhood (Winship murphy, 2009). This belief has been challenged by the new revelations that indicate that all parts of the brain are plastic and can be altered even in older individuals. This paper seeks to identify the ability of the brain to re-task a different area to perform a function that has been affected by brain damage (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Earlier studies Previous studies done by Wiesel and Hubel showed that ocular dominance columns that are located in the lowest neocortical visual area were largely not changeable after one has passed the critical period in development (Black, Cianci, Markokowitz, 2001). These critical periods were also examined in respect to language development; the findings suggested that all the sensory pathways were permanent subsequent to the critical period (Kaeser, et al., 2010). However, the earlier brain studies had also shown that changes in the environment could result in change in behavior and cognition. This change was linked to the alteration in neuronal connections and neurogenesis in specific parts of the brain such a s the hippocampus (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Decades of enduring research on the functions and structure of the brain indicate that alterations take place in the lowest neocortical processing areas and that the alterations could result in marked changes in the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience (Kaeser, et al., 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The resulting neuroplasticity theory asserts that experience can result in the modification of the brain’s physical structure and the functional organization (Alamacos, Segura, Borrel, 1998). Neurobiology and cortical maps The idea of synaptic pruning forms one of the important aspects of neuroplasticity. Synaptic pruning explains that specific links in the brain are subjected to constant removal or recreation depending on how they are being used (Draganski, 2006). The con cept of synaptic pruning is best captured in the aphorism â€Å"which states that neurons that fire together, wire together/neurons that fire apart, wire apart† (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010, p. 8). This indicates that two neighboring neurons that concurrently produce an impulse can form one cortical map. Cortical maps are used to explain cortical organization of, in most cases, the sensory system (Giovanna, Paolo, Luca, Thomas, 2008). For instance, sensory impulses from the two arms are projected to different cortical sites in the brain. Thus the cortical organization defined by the response to sensory inputs represents the human body in form of a map. Researchers Merzenich, Doug Rasmusson and Jon Kaas conducted studies on the cortical maps by removing sensory inputs (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). Their findings which have been supported by various other studies show that the removal of an input in the cortical map results in the rewiring of the impulse through adjac ent inputs. Treatment of brain damage as an application of neuroplasticity Through neuroplasticity studies it has been found out that a brain activity that results into a certain function can be relocated to a different part of the brain. This may take place in the course of normal experience or may occur in the course recovery following brain damage (Draganski, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The ability of the brain to re-task a different area following brain damage to one area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neuroplasticity forms the basis on which the scientific explanation for the treatment of acquired brain injury is founded. The restoration of the lost functions through therapeutic programs in form of rehabilitation is achieved due to the plastic nature of the brain (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). Cortical tissue damage, as might occur following stroke, is usually known to affect t he initiation and execution of muscular contraction in the extremities opposite the side of the injury (Winship murphy, 2009). In addition the precise manipulative power and the ability to skillfully utilize the upper extremity are usually weakened. Depending on the extent of the injury, some functions usually return in weeks or months, although full recovery is uncommon in human beings. There is increasing evidence which indicates that the return of function observed following â€Å"cortical injury is largely attributed to the adaptive plasticity in the remaining cortical and sub-cortical motor apparatus† (Black, Cianci, Markokowitz, 2001). For instance, the studies pneurophysiologic and neuroanatomic on animals and the neuroimaging and other non invasive stimulation research studies conducted on humans provide evidence to show that adaptive changes take place in the undamaged tissues that surround a cortical infarct (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Contrary to the previou s beliefs, the adult brain is not â€Å"hard wired† with fixed immutable neuronal circuits (Draganski, 2006). There are several instances through which the cortex and sub cortex can be rewired as a consequence of training or following an injury to the brain. This is supported by evidence that new brain cells can develop even in the adult mammal even at old age. The research findings so far have shown that this mainly occurs in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb, however, there is increasing evidence that indicates that other regions of the brain may undergo neurogenesis (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). In most parts of the brain, dead neurons are not recreated but the specific functions are seen to be restored. However, evidence on the active, â€Å"experience-dependent re-organization of the synaptic networks of the brain involving multiple inter-related structures including the cerebral cortex is lacking† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 13). The specific path way through which the process takes place at the molecular level is subject to intense research.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some theories have been advanced to explain how experience results in the synaptic organization of the brain, one of the theories include the general theory of the mind and epistemology referred to as Neural Darwinism which was developed by Gerald Edelman (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Neuroplasticity also occupies a central point in the memory and learning theories that are characterized by changes in the structure and function of the synapses through experience (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Sensory substitution and neuroplasticity is best remembered through the works of Paul Bach-y-Rita (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). He came up with a brain port while working with a patient whose vestibular system had been injured. The â€Å"brain port machine would replace the patient’s vestibular apparatus by sending signals to her brain via the tongue† (Winship murphy, 2009, p. 15). The patient used the machine for a certain period of time and regained the normal function. Her experience is best explained through plasticity because her vestibular system was disorganized following prolonged gentamicin medication and thus was sending uncoordinated signals to the brain. Using the machine developed by Paul bay her vestibular system was able determine new neural pathways that were instrumental in reinstating the lost function. Paul Bach-y-Rita used the following analogy to explain the plasticity concept; â€Å"if one is driving from one place to another and the main bridge that connects the two places goes out, he will be paralyzed before deciding to take the old farmland roads that are definitely shorter† (Winship murphy, 2009). By using these roads more, one will start getting wherever he wanted to go faster. Thus the new established neural pathways become stronger with more use. The unmasking process of the new neural pathways is generally understood to one of the main principal ways through which the plastic brain reorganizes itself (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Another group referred to as the Randy Nudo learned that if an infarction leads to the cutting of blood supply to a certain part of the motor cortex of a monkey, the part of the body that is stimulated by the affected brain portion will respond when adjacent areas are stimulated (Kaeser, et al., 2010). In one of their studies, the intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping techniques were applied on nine normal monkeys (Draganski, 2006). Some of the monkeys were subjected to ischemic infarction protocols. The monkeys that underwent ischemic infarction retained more finger flexion during food retrieval and after several months this deficit returned to the levels they were before the operation (Kaeser, et al., 2010). In regard to the mapping conducted to represent the distal forelimb, it was shown that cortical representations of movements had undergone reorganization in the entire surrounding cortex that had not been damaged. Better understanding on how the normal and damaged cortical tissues interact has formed the basis for current therapeutical approach in the treatment of stroke patients (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). The Nudo group is currently taking part in studying the treatment approaches that may result in better management of stroke. Such approaches include â€Å"physiotherapy, pharmacotherapy and electrical stimulation therapy† (Cutler Hoffman, 2005, p. 4). A professor at the Vanderbilt University known as Jon Kaas has been able to reveal â€Å"how somatosensory area 3b and the ventroposterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus are affected by long standing unilateral dorsal column lesions at cervical levels in macaque monkeys† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 10). This shows that the brains of an adult mammal can reorganize following brain damage or injury but the reorganization will be injury dependent. His more recent studies have been focused on somatosensory structure. Normally when injury is inflicted on the somatosensory cortex, one experiences a dysfunction in the perception of some part of the body. Jon Kaas is currently trying to understand how these systems (somatosensory, cognitive, motor systems) are plastic as a result of injury (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). More recently, neuroplasticity was applied in the treatment of traumatic brain injuries. The treatment was done by a team of doctors and researchers at Emory University, particularly Dr. Donald Stein and Dr. David Wright (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). This particular treatment was first of its kind to be applied in that it is affordable and does not show any side effects. Dr. Stein had had earlier observed that female mice recovered better from brain injuries as compared to their male counterparts. In addition he realized that the female mice had a better recovery record in some stages of the estrus cycle. After intense research studies, the team attributed this phenomenon to the levels of progesteron e (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). The higher the progesterone levels the better the recovery witnessed in the mice. Thus they developed a therapeutic approach that included enhanced levels of progesterone administration to patients with brain injuries. It was shown that if progesterone administration was done following brain injury that result in â€Å"stroke there were fewer instances of edema, inflammation, and neuronal cell death, and enhanced spatial reference memory and sensory motor recovery† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 7). Administration of progesterone on a group of severely brain injured patients showed a reduction in mortality rates by up to 60%. Conclusion This paper sought to use existing literature in academic sources to explain how a lost function due to brain injury or damage can be re-tasked to another part of the brain. The area concerned with this study is referred to as neuroplasticity which can be simply defined as the ability of the brain to change following an in dividual’s experience (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Neuroplasticity has led to a major shift in the way the understanding of the human brain. Major studies have been carried out by researchers and doctors to understand how the brain is able to re-task different area following damage to one area. Though there is no conclusive evidence to show how this occurs at the molecular level, there has been a marked improvement in the understanding and therapeutical application. References Alamacos, M. C., Segura, G., Borrel, J. (1998). Transfer function to a specific area of the cortex after induced recovery from brain damage. Eur J Neurosci, 5:853-863. Black, P., Cianci, S., Markokowitz, R. S. (2001). Question of transecallosal facilitation of motor recovery: Stroke implications. Trans Am Neurol , 95:207-210. Boudrias, M., Mcpherson, R. L., Frost, S. B., Cheney, P. (2010). Output Properties and organization of the forelimb Representation of Motor Areas on the Lateral Aspect of the Hemisphere in Rhesus Macaques. Cereb Cortex , 20(1):169- 186. Cutler, S., Hoffman, S. (2005). Tapered progesterone withdrawal enhances behavioral and moleculae recovery after traumatic brain injury. Experimental  neurology , 195(2):423-429. Draganski, B. (2006). Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of the brain structure changes during extensive learning. The journal of Neuroscience , 26(23):6314-6417. Frost, S. B., Bury, S., Friel, M., Plautz, J., Nudo, R. J. (2002). Reorganization of Remote Cortical Regions After Ischemic brain Injury: A potential Substrate for Stroke Recovery. J Neurophysiol , 89:32053214. Giovanna, P., Paolo, P., Luca, B., Thomas, R. (2008). Genesis of Neuronal and Glial progenitors in the cerebellar cortex of peripuberal and adult rabbits.  journal pone , 12(4):345-7. Kaeser, M., Alexander, F., Wyss, F., Bashir, S., Hamadjida, A., Liu, Y., et al. (2010). Effects of Unilateral Motor Cortex Lesion on Ipsilesional Hands Reach and Grasp Perfomance in Monkeys: Relationship With Recovery in the Contralesional Hand. J Neurophysiol , 103(3): 1630-1645. Lazar, S., Kerr, C., Wasserman, R. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. neuroreport , 12(17)1893-97. Winship, I. R., murphy, T. H. (2009). Remapping the somatosensory cortex after Stroke: Insight from Imaging the Synapse to Network. Neuroscientist, 15(5):507-524.

Nursing mental health evaluation of care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing mental health evaluation of care - Essay Example When asking questions related to the mental health of the patient, it is always best to have â€Å"a nonjudgmental, matter- of-fact approach† (Molony, 2003). In taking their history, the mental health professional and the various professionals should listen carefully to the patient. Prying too deeply into their lives should be avoided and information should not be forced out of patient. Information extracted should focus on what the patient is comfortable discussing. Many patients are reluctant to discuss their condition and to reveal information about their mental health because of the stigma associated with mental illness. Society often labels mentally ill patients as dangerous. Society has a picture of the mentally ill patient, and this image is often distorted and exaggerated. Mentally ill patients are often shunned from the rest of society for reasons which are often misguided. Lack of knowledge and enlightenment about mental illness on the part of the patient may also be attributed to limited information sharing on the part of the patient. Patients are mostly not aware that what they are feeling is attributable to some form of mental illness. In these instances, they do not exactly know which information indicative of mental illness they should share with their caregiver. For them, these are just feelings and emotions. To the enlightened medical personnel, these may be symptoms of an illness. In caring for the mentally ill patient, the medical personnel were able to ensure that history taking was taken in a non-judgmental, comfortable, and non-prying manner. Through a comfortable and subtle interview, the patient was able to open up about the events leading up to her suicide attempt. She was able to reveal information about her emotional state and other psychological conditions that reveal mental illness. As regards age factor, a study comparing older and younger mental health patients revealed that older patients are less

Continue to the previous topic (internet) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Continue to the previous topic (internet) - Essay Example People need information but this particular type of information should be controlled so that it does not negatively impact on the interests of a certain group of people in a given country. The first reason why the internet should be censored is that the responsible authorities know the cultural values and norms they should preserve in their country given that each nation has its own culture which makes it distinct from other cultures. For example, the aspect of homosexuality is a taboo in other countries while it is allowed in other nations (Naik, 2010). In order for the countries that do not recognize homosexuality to protect their norms and values, they should censor the internet and remove this content from different web pages that are likely to be accessed by different people in their respective countries. This will help protect the interests of the citizens. This disrupts the moral fabric of the society and it can also be seen that unity is also created if people have a common u nderstanding towards something. The internet has no boundaries and dominant nations use this medium to impose their cultural values over other weaker nations. Therefore, individual countries should protect their cultures through internet censorship. The second reason why the internet should be censored is that individual countries are in a better position to regulate information so that it does not disrupt peace in that country. There is a tendency by other powerful nations to dominate weak countries through disseminating distorted information that is likely to affect peace in weaker nations. Each country has its own way of governing its people hence the need for these countries to put measures in place that are meant to protect the interests of the whole nation. The information accessed from the internet may suggest that other countries are ruled by bad leaders and this can lead to conflicts hence the reason why nations should regulate the information disseminated through the inter net. Research has shown that other powerful nations want to impose their hegemonic control over other weaker nations through the use of distorted information to such nations (Naik, 2010). The other important reason why censorship of the internet is important is that it helps to curb dissemination of illicit content and material like pornography to the people. This particular type of content corrupts the mind of people and it can impact negatively on their behaviour. The dissemination of illicit material may be against the values of a certain group of people hence the need for them to put measures in place that are meant to protect these important components of their life. Therefore, I think individual countries should have measures that are designed to prevent their interests such as internet censorship given that this medium of communication has no boundary. It is very important to preserve culture in each country so that people can be in a position to maintain their identity. A cr itical analysis of an article entitled â€Å"Internet Censorship Pros and Cons† by Abhijit Naik Published November 25, 2010 shows that to a larger extent, â€Å"such regulations are necessary to keep certain problems, such as sexual exploitation of children and spread of drug cartels at bay.†